Throughout the history of the world’s automotive development, European and American commercial vehicles have a long history and mature technology, representing the world’s commercial vehicle technology level and development direction. However, Chinese cars started relatively late. Although China became the world’s largest automobile production and sales nation in 2009, China’s automobile manufacturing technology is not yet mature due to technology, especially in the manufacturing technology of commercial vehicles, and developed countries in Europe and America. There is still a big gap.
Overall, the body (cab), engine, axle and transmission are the four core assemblies for commercial vehicles. These four major assemblies are not only of high importance, but also have high added value. Therefore, for auto companies, the self-control of the four major assemblies and the degree of technical control are often the primary indicators to measure the strength of their competitiveness. In the commercial vehicle industry abroad, especially European commercial vehicle giants such as Daimler, Volvo and Mann, these four core assemblies are almost 100% self-manufactured and have completely independent intellectual property rights. In the domestic commercial vehicle industry, the current situation is: Because the body is a symbol of the product brand, all manufacturers are self-made; the engine's profit margin and the highest added value, the main commercial vehicle companies are based or strive for self-control; for axles, transmissions, With the exception of a few manufacturers, they generally use social resources.
Although compared with developed countries in Europe and America, China's commercial vehicle manufacturing technology still has a big gap, but after decades of development, domestic commercial vehicle technology has also continuously achieved innovation and development, and has made great progress. Specifically, it is reflected in the following aspects:
1, comfort, domestic commercial vehicles pay more attention to human design, some manufacturers of commercial vehicles, its indoor and outdoor driving settings have been fully comparable with high-end passenger cars.
2. In terms of safety, the performance of domestic commercial vehicle owners and passive safety systems has reached the national requirements.
3. In terms of environmental protection, while domestic commercial vehicles are increasing engine power, various energy conservation and emission reduction levels are also increasing.
With the reform and development and accession to the WTO, China's commercial vehicle manufacturing technology has been greatly improved, Sino-foreign joint venture commercial vehicle manufacturing companies are also increasing, but some key and core technologies are still controlled by foreign capital, leading to China's commercial vehicle autonomy The R&D capability is relatively weak, and manufacturing technology relies heavily on foreign companies, especially in terms of engines and transmissions, which are almost controlled by foreign companies.
Existing major issues
1. The core and key technologies are mostly controlled by foreign parties. Judging from the current situation of China's commercial vehicle production, despite the reform and opening up and accession to the WTO, joint ventures in the field of commercial vehicles in China have blossomed throughout the country, but the core technology is still in the hands of foreign parties. The independent development capability of commercial vehicles in China is extremely weak. Most of the upgrading of any product technology relies on foreign parties, especially in some key technologies such as engines, automatic transmissions (AT, AMT), axles, etc. The Chinese have not fully grasped the core Technology has caused China's commercial vehicle industry to rely heavily on foreign investment technology, which has, to a certain extent, affected the improvement of China's self-development capacity for commercial vehicles.
2. China's commercial vehicles have less profit in most fields and have less investment in R&D. As China's key components such as powertrains, transmissions, and axles have low profits and low research and development costs, China’s passenger vehicles have weak capacity for independent R&D. Foreign companies not only profit from vehicles, but also gain a lot of profits in importing matching parts and technology transfer fees. They invest high R&D expenses, and R&D expenses of large multinational companies generally account for 4%-5% of sales revenue (high Accounted for 8%); while most Chinese accounted for 2% -3%.
3. There is a shortage of technical personnel for commercial vehicles in China. At present, China has relatively few talents in R&D in key technologies such as engines and transmissions, lack of experience in developing new models, lack of databases, and lack of core matching experience and data such as common-rail EFI. The development of independent research and development of new technologies.
4. The technical performance of some key equipment still has a large gap with foreign countries. The gap between the technical performance of most of China's passenger car's key equipment and its foreign counterparts is still significant. For example, in the aspects of engine reliability and fault-free mileage, the gap between China and developed countries is still quite obvious.
Technology development trend
Since 2008, the world financial crisis has brought tremendous disasters to the automotive industry in Europe and the United States. Many large-scale automobile manufacturers have experienced an unprecedented crisis in operations. However, Chinese auto manufacturers have achieved support under the relevant national policies. The large-scale development has become the world's largest automobile production and consumer country, thus making China's automobile manufacturing industry enter a new stage of development.
1, the overall technology development trend
As a major component of China's autos, commercial vehicle development trends will largely represent an important aspect of the development of China's auto industry's manufacturing technology. On the whole, the manufacturing technology of commercial vehicles in China will develop in the following directions:
(1) Energy saving and environmental protection. At present, the international mainstream commercial vehicle engine emission standards Euro III, Euro IV, and Euro V are all proposed by developed countries and are strongly advocated globally. With the deepening of the concept of energy saving and environmental protection, more and more energy-saving and environmental protection technologies will be applied to the future automobile manufacturing process. In recent years, the Chinese government has invested huge capital and labor costs in energy conservation and environmental protection. It has made energy conservation and environmental protection a top priority for government work and will be included in the 2010 government work report. It can be seen that the direction of energy conservation and environmental protection will be the general direction of China's economic development, and it will certainly be one of the major directions for the development of commercial vehicles in China. In addition, the conception and development of new energy vehicles will be a powerful demonstration of the development of China's commercial vehicle manufacturing technology in the direction of energy conservation and environmental protection.
(2) Lightweight. In fact, lightweighting is an effective way to solve the problems of energy conservation and environmental protection. Because of its light weight, fuel consumption will certainly decrease. As the vehicle is light, the acceleration performance at the start is better, and the braking distance at the time of braking is shorter. The fuel consumption of a car mainly depends on the displacement of the engine and the total mass of the car. Under the premise of keeping the overall quality, performance, and cost of the car unchanged or even optimized, reducing the weight of the car can increase output power, reduce noise, improve handling, and reliability. Improve vehicle speed, reduce fuel consumption, reduce exhaust emissions, and increase safety.
(3) Security. The safety of the vehicle is mainly based on the protection of the person when the accident occurs, rather than on the degree of damage to the car. Heavy cars collide with light cars, and heavy cars have less damage, but the degree of damage is closely related to energy-absorbing body design and active and passive safety configurations. Nowadays, many vehicles use sunken engines and so on. In order to crash, the engine will automatically sink and will not cause harm to passengers. This also shows on the other hand that lightweight technology itself does not contradict security. Therefore, a truly safe body should be "rigid when rigid and deform when deformed." This will be an important aspect that should be considered in the future development of commercial vehicle technology in China.
2. Key Technology Development Trends
From the perspective of the technological developments in key areas such as engines and transmissions, the development trend is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) The main technology development trend of automobile engines - energy saving and environmental protection.
Common technology: a. Multi-valve (3-5 valves per cylinder), electronic throttle control; b. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR); c. Lighter weight (such as all aluminum models, plastic intake manifold); d. Environmentally-friendly recyclable materials, limited to lead, mercury, cadmium hexavalent chromium, and other materials.
China's commercial vehicle manufacturing technology development process
Gasoline engine: a. Variable intake system (inflate the cylinder with different length and volume of intake pipe according to different engine speeds); b. Lean combustion; c. In-cylinder direct injection (GDI); d. Variable valve technology (CVVT) , VTEC).
Diesel engine: a. Electronically controlled fuel direct injection technology; b. High pressure common rail fuel injection (single pump or pump nozzle)
Others: Alternative fuel engines, hybrid, pure electric, and fuel cells are also products that need continuous improvement and development.
(2) The main technology development trend of transmissions: safety, environmental protection, energy saving, light and manual operation, shifting automation, and intelligentization.
High power, high torque: The maximum power of passenger cars is 397kW, 2300Nm, such as ZF8S180, ZF commercial vehicle transmission input torque 3300Nm.
Serialization, variety of gears, and composition: For example, ZF has 16 kinds of AT, 3 types of MT, and 3 types of CVT; Getrag has 23 types of MT and AMT. Eaton has covered 700-2500Nm commercial vehicles with 42 transmissions.
Transmission center distance series: ZF company uses 10 kinds of center distance series, covering all transmissions; Eaton company covers all mechanical transmissions and so on with 8 kinds of center distance series.
The main box and the auxiliary box are combined. Such as the ZF company's main box has three kinds of 3,4,5 file, vice box 2 files, the combination of 5 × 2 (10 files); 2 × 3 × 2 (12 files), 2 × 4 × 2 (16 files), etc. .
Large gear ratio, differential grade between small gears, the lowest gear ratio of heavy commercial vehicles abroad has reached 17 or so, and the highest gear ratio has reached around 0.7.
Miniaturized and lightweight. Replace stamping and forging parts with stamping parts, extensive use of aluminum-magnesium alloys, use of electric welding instead of riveting, etc.; reduce the center distance, such as ZF company from the 1980s to the end of 90s, the distance between the center of the single transmission reduced by 23mm.
Gear shifts to light, automated, intelligent, and electronic integration.
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