Survey shows that an average of 14,000 blind people in China only have 1 new book in 1 year

Survey shows that an average of 14,000 blind people in China only have 1 new type of diesel generator | Diesel Generator Price / 2012-05-22


An average of 14,000 blind people have a new book in one year -
Running through the bookstore, I can't buy a blind book
On May 19, he lived in the home of Yan Jiasheng, a blind person near the China University of Mining and Technology, and welcomed three special guests - volunteers from the Xuzhou Xinyuan Service Center. He made a special trip to "read" him.
According to the survey, there are 14 million visually-impaired people in China. Of this huge group, an average of 14,000 people have only one new book a year.
"I read more than 10 years ago"
“The last time I read a book was still more than 10 years ago!” On the afternoon of the 19th, Yang Hongjian, a blind masseur at the 54-year-old Xuzhou Civil Affairs Hospital, said with emotion. After being blinded by trauma in his early teens, he relied on hand-in-hand braille for reading. "In the 1980s and 1990s, we could buy books from Xinhua Bookstore and we wouldn't have them later."
On the day of "helping the disabled," a company in Nanjing wanted to buy some blind reading books to present blind children, and went through several large bookstores to go home empty handed. The reporter learned that at present, only China's Braille Press has published and sold books on the blind, and it has only published 100,000 copies in more than a year. This is compared to the new astronomical books each year on the market.
Bookstores do not sell blind books because there is not much profit. According to Liu Changshan, director of the reader service department of Braille Press, ordinary books are generally printed in 5,000 copies, and thirty to fifty copies of Braille books are printed, and one page can only hold 300 words. "A "Dream of Red Mansions", 32 copies of the ordinary printing version will be able to produce the full 32, tens of dollars, while the Braille version of the 8 to open 17 copies, a full set of pricing more than 500 yuan.On this pricing, it only accounts for the cost of five One in a minute."
Audio books are more expensive than Braille books. In the area of ​​Nanjing Xinhua Bookstore audio-visual products, the reporter saw a set of audio books, covering dozens of literary classics, priced at 1,380 yuan. The staff explained that there are no blind people who buy audio books. “Aside from the high prices, audio books are not designed for blind people. It is inconvenient to operate. Most of them are bought on the car.”
Blind reading room
Why not see a blind person
On May 17th, the reporter entered the reading room for visually impaired people in the Nanjing Library. More than 3,000 volumes of Braille books and more than 20,000 audio-visual materials stood silently on the bookshelf. In a space of 700 square meters, there are no readers except two staff members. Zhao Zeng, head of the Children and Visually Impaired Division at Nantu, said that it is inconvenient for the blind to go out and there are very few to read in the library.
Wang Hai, a blind man in Nanjing’s Baixia District, told the reporter that the reason why there are few readers in the reading room for the blind is that there is a more important reason for this. That is, the content of the collection is single, and apart from medicine, it is literature. Can blind people only need these two kinds of books? In order to read more books, Wang Hai borrowed books from the Central Library of Taiwan and the Library of Changhua Normal University in Taiwan.
The data held by Liu Changshan shows that even with the country's high publishing volume, the average 14,000 blind people across the country only have 1 new book each year, while normal people can have at least 40 titles each year.
Looking forward to the "needle eye" sunlight
Illuminate the darkness of a lifetime
In view of the lack of spiritual and cultural life for the blind, there are good trials being carried out everywhere:
Xuzhou Xinyuan Volunteer Service Center organized volunteers to set up a “spiritual library” to read the books that blind people wanted to read and record them as CDs for them. In Jianye District, Nanjing, community residents were given donations of old calendars and 300 books for the blind were produced for free to the blind and needy.
Shi Shunxi of the Nanjing Disabled Persons' Federation told the reporter that although blind people cannot see the eyes, the thirst for information, especially new knowledge, is something ordinary people cannot understand. "They look forward to the sun in the "pinhole" (braille), which can illuminate the soul that is struggling in the dark for the rest of their lives." Shi Shunxi believes that on the one hand, the relevant departments must vigorously fund the publication of books for the blind and restore the distribution channels for the books; We must make full use of existing library resources. “A few large public libraries in China have built reading rooms for the blind, but they can’t build things. Now that most communities have some public activities, can we open blind reading rooms in the corner of the community and put blind books in the library? Information is distributed to communities so that blind people can read books at home?"
Hou Jinhai, director of the Nanjing School of Blindness Teaching, suggested that Internet audio reading should be the mainstream of blind reading. He hoped that the government would finance technicians as soon as possible to develop software that would make it easier for the blind to read. "This should be the way to invest less and get quick results."
Next:Installation, use and regulation of marine diesel generator sets
Prev:Nail households keep up 3 Wolf Dogs

Stabilizer

It can slow down the reaction, maintain chemical balance, reduce surface tension, prevent light, thermal decomposition or oxidative decomposition. it mainly includes lead salts, metal soaps, organic tin, organic antimony, organic rare earths, pure organic compounds. Thermal stabilizers commonly used in industry mainly include lead salts, metal soaps, organic tin, organic antimony, organic rare earths, pure organic compounds, etc.

1.1 Organotin
(1) Excellent transparency The biggest advantage of organotin stabilizers is that they have excellent transparency. The use of organotin stabilizers in PVC formulations can produce crystalline products. Because of this, organic tin can be used in bottles, containers, corrugated boards, various types of rigid packaging containers, hoses, profiles, films, etc.
(2) Extraordinary thermal stability In terms of thermal stability, there is no other type of thermal stabilizer that can surpass it. Therefore, it is the preferred stabilizer for rigid PVC, and some varieties have better performance in soft products. Suitable for all PVC homopolymers, such as emulsion, suspension and bulk PVC, as well as vinyl chloride copolymers, graft polymers and polymer blends.
(3) The product is non-toxic. Most organotin stabilizers are non-toxic, and the migration of organotin stabilizers in rigid PVC is minimal. Therefore, organotin stabilizers are the preferred heat stabilizers for PVC for food contact.
(4) Good compatibility. Organotin stabilizers have good compatibility with PVC, so there is generally no precipitation on the metal surface, such as lead salt stabilizers and metal soap stabilizer systems.
(5) Poor lubricity Sulfur-containing tin stabilizers have poor self-lubricity. Therefore, many commercially available sulfur-containing organotins are equipped with lubricants to prevent hot melt from adhering to processing equipment during processing.
(6) High cost Compared with other types of stabilizers, the overall performance of organotin stabilizers is closer to the ideal stabilizer. However, all organotin stabilizers, regardless of their structure, have the main disadvantage that their manufacturing cost is much higher than that of lead stabilizers or metal soap compounds. In recent years, by adopting new synthetic technology, or reducing its usage in formulas, its formula cost has been reduced. In the 1970s, foreign countries developed low-priced tin products, which reduced the tin content, which also reduced the price to a certain extent.
1.2 Lead salt
(1) l Excellent stability experiments proved that among the commonly used basic lead salts, the heat resistance of sulfite is better than that of sulfate, and the heat resistance of sulfate is better than that of phosphite. The tribasic lead sulfate, which is widely used in the PVC industry, has a higher effective lead content and shows better thermal stability than other products.
(2) Excellent insulation. Because lead salt is non-ionic and non-conductive, it is inert, which makes lead salt stabilizers widely used in wire and cable industries.
(3) Excellent weather resistance. Many salt compounds can act as white pigments and can show strong covering power, so they have strong weather resistance.
(4) Poor transparency Transparency is a problem related to weather resistance. When used in wires, cables and record materials, there is no need to care about transparency, because most of these products are white or very dark black.
(5) Inexpensive lead salt stabilizer is the lowest price among all stabilizers. Therefore, despite the continuous introduction of new stabilizers, lead salt stabilizers still dominate the stabilizer market after half a century. The composite lead salt introduced to solve the dust and dispersion problem has increased in price, but still maintains a competitive advantage with other types of stabilizers.
(6) The toxicity of the toxic lead salt stabilizer limits its application in many occasions with strict hygiene requirements. For example, many countries have revised the lead content standards in drinking water, and it is no longer possible to use lead salt in PVC water pipes.
(7) Poor dispersibility The dispersibility of salt lead is poor, but the newly launched one-package product is equipped with lubricants, which solves the dispersibility problem to a certain extent. Because of the above characteristics of lead salt stabilizers, they are especially suitable for high-temperature processing. They are widely used in various opaque hard and soft products and cable materials, such as various pipes, plates, indoor and outdoor profiles, foam plastics, artificial leather, and wires. Cables, records, welding rods, etc. The most important lead salt stabilizers are tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite, and dibasic lead stearate.
1.3 Organic antimony
(1) Better stability. The organic antimony stabilizer has basically the same color stability and lower melt viscosity as organotin at the same temperature. In the twin-screw extrusion process, the effect is particularly outstanding when used in combination with calcium stearate. .
(2) The price of organic antimony stabilizer is much lower than that of methyl tin or butyl tin. In addition, the amount of organic antimony used is relatively low, so the use of organic antimony can achieve a better performance/price balance.
(3) The product is non-toxic. In the United States, when a twin-screw extruder is used to manufacture PVC pipes, the PVC water supply pipe manufactured with a formula composed of antimony stabilizers, calcium stearate and other lubricants conforms to the U.S. NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) )Regulation.
(4) Poor transparency and light stability. The transparency of organic antimony compounds is not as good as organotin stabilizers, and it is also lower than the barium/fu and calcium/zinc metal soap system. It is close to lead salts and has poor light stability, so antimony is stable. The agent is mostly used for indoor products without color requirements. The antimony stabilizer itself is also required to be stored in an opaque container.
(5) Poor lubricity. Antimony stabilizers have poor lubricity. Therefore, its use must be combined with a large amount of lubricant without exception.
1.4 Metal soap
(1) The tin soap stabilizer Fu soap is the best type of metal soap. Its advantages are also reflected in the absence of initial coloring, and can produce colorless and transparent products; excellent light stability; it has the effect of preventing precipitation and adhesion. . However, because tin salt is toxic, there are strict regulations on its manufacture and use in the Labor Safety and Health Law. In recent years, the use of Fuzao has shown a downward trend.
(2) Zinc soap stabilizerThe thermal stability of zinc-based stabilizer to PVC is extremely poor. The sample with zinc soap suddenly turns black when heated, that is, the so-called "Zine burning" phenomenon occurs, but it has the following advantages: The initial coloring is excellent; the effect of preventing fouling is good; it can improve the weather resistance; many zinc soaps are recognized as non-toxic stabilizers, so they can be used in non-toxic formulations with calcium soaps.
(3) Barium soap stabilizer Barium compounds have good thermal stability and good lubricity, but the red initial coloration occurs during processing, and it is easy to cause sticking to the roller.
(4) The stability of calcium soap stabilizer is poor, but it is recognized as a non-toxic additive in the world and has excellent lubricity.
(5) Other metal soap stabilizers used in the industry include magnesium stearate, file stearate, aluminum stearate, potassium stearate, etc., among which magnesium stearate is similar to calcium stearate and can be used Materials that are in contact with food; aluminum stearate is similar to zinc stearate, and is approved by the U.S. FDA and the Japanese Vinyl Chloride Food Hygiene Association for food packaging; Stearic Acid files and potassium stearate are also non-toxic products and belong to lead salts , Tin soap and barium soap substitute.
(6) The performance requirements of the composite metal soap stabilizer processing industry for stabilizers are various, and a single metal soap often cannot meet the use requirements, so the use of composite stabilizers has become a trend. A single metal soap compound is rarely used in the PVC industry, and it is usually a compound of several metal soaps. This compound is not a simple addition of properties, but takes advantage of the synergy between the components. The composite metal soap stabilizer generally includes the stabilizer main body (i.e. metal soap), solvent (organic solvent, plasticizer, liquid non-metal stabilizer, etc.), functional additives (auxiliary stabilizer, transparency modifier, light stabilizer, Lubricants, etc.). According to the form, it is divided into solid compound and liquid compound. According to the main component, it can be divided into calcium/zinc compound stabilizer, barium/fu compound stabilizer, barium/zinc compound stabilizer, etc. Among them, the calcium/zinc composite stabilizer has a pivotal role in replacing toxic metals because it is non-toxic.
1.5 Rare earth stabilizer
(1) Excellent thermal stability The thermal stability of rare earth stabilizers is better than traditional lead salt series and barium/zinc, barium/ho/zinc stabilizers. In some applications, rare earth stabilizers can partially or completely replace organotin.
(2) Good transparency. The refractive index of rare earth stabilizers is very close to that of PVC Resin, which can replace traditional organotin and be used in the field of products with higher transparency requirements.
(3) Excellent weather resistance. Rare earth elements can absorb 230-320nm ultraviolet light. Therefore, rare earth stabilizers have anti-photoaging effects and are suitable for outdoor products such as PVC corrugated boards and window materials.
(4) Excellent electrical insulation properties. Some rare earth multifunctional stabilizers can be used to replace lead salt stabilizers in cable material formulations, and their electrical insulation properties are comparable to lead salts.
(5) Non-toxic, safe and hygienic. Rare earth elements are low-toxic elements and have no toxic hazards to the human body in their production, processing, transportation and storage. Rare earth stabilizers are non-toxic products and can be used in food packaging and medical packaging products.
(6) The processing performance is slightly worse. In the case of a large amount of rare earth stabilizer, the roll release of the material is not ideal, and there is a tendency to press out. Generally, better results can be achieved by using stearic acid or calcium stearate in combination.
In summary, rare earth stabilizers can be used for water pipes, injection pipe fittings, window frame profiles, door panels, wire ducts, foam products, artificial leather, cable materials, soft and hard transparent products, food packaging materials, etc.
1.6 Auxiliary stabilizers Auxiliary stabilizers include phosphite, epoxy soybean oil, hindered phenols, etc., which mainly rely on the synergistic effect between metal stabilizers to improve the stabilizing effect, and are generally called co-stabilizers. In addition to compounds such as mesaminocrotonic acid ester, 2-phenyl saccharin, vein derivatives, and diketone can be used in combination with metal stabilizers to improve the effect of metal stabilizers, they also have a certain stabilizing effect. Such compounds are usually called pure organic stabilizers. With the development of PVC stabilizers today, the progress of metal stabilizers is relatively slow, and the research and development of auxiliary stabilizers are unprecedentedly active, which has constituted a major trend in the field of PvC stabilizers. Auxiliary stabilizers are rarely used alone, and are often used in conjunction with primary stabilizers to improve initial coloration or improve long-term stability.

Lead Salt Stabilizer, Compound Stabilizer,Pvc Stabilizer,Titanium Dioxide Anatase

Henan Shunbang Chemical Industry CO.,Ltd , https://www.spvcresin.com